[ACEsthetics] double whammy

So, here's the thing: when bacterial cell wall components get into the bloodstream, they increase the tendency of red cells to stick to the inside of blood vessels.
 
This is why I keep saying you don't have to have LIVE bugs gittin into the system. Even bug parts trigger some potential damage, like blood clots forming inside the vessels.
 
Worse: the experiment below—I think—shows that the cell wall parts make the red cells stickier AND they cause more adhesion components to form on the inside of the blood vessels.
 
A double whammy.
 
regards
bill domb
 
2013 Mar 5. pii: S1438-4221(13)00034-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2013.01.004. [Epub ahead of print]

Effect of bacterial peptidoglycan on erythrocyte death and adhesion to endothelial cells.

Source

Department of Physiology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany; Medicine Faculty, Al-Furat University, Syria.

Abstract

Peptidoglycans, bacterial wall components, have previously been shown to trigger eryptosis, the suicidal erythrocyte death, characterized by cell shrinkage and cell membrane scrambling with phosphatidylserine exposure at the cell surface. Phosphatidylserine exposing erythrocytes adhere to the vascular wall at least partially by interaction of erythrocytic phosphatidylserine with endothelial CXC chemokine ligand 16 (CXCL16). The present study explored whether peptidoglycan exposure fosters the adhesion of erythrocytes to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). To this end, HUVEC were treated for 48h with peptidoglycan (10μg/ml) and CXCL16 abundance determined by confocal microscopy and FACS analysis. Moreover, human erythrocytes were exposed for 48h to peptidoglycan (10μg/ml) and phosphatidylserine exposure estimated from binding of fluorescent annexin-V, cell volume from forward scatter in FACS analysis and erythrocyte adhesion to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) from trapping of labeled erythrocytes in a flow chamber. As a result, bacterial peptidoglycan exposure was followed by increased CXCL16 expression in HUVEC as well as erythrocyte shrinkage, phosphatidylserine exposure and adhesion to HUVEC under flow conditions at arterial shear rates. The adhesion was significantly attenuated but not abrogated in the presence of either, erythrocyte phosphatidylserine-coating annexin-V (5μl/ml) or CXCL16 neutralizing antibody directed against endothelial CXCL16 (4μg/ml). In conclusion, exposure to peptidoglycan increases endothelial CXCL16 expression and leads to eryptosis followed by phosphatidylserine- and CXCL16-mediated adhesion of eryptotic erythrocytes to vascular endothelial cells.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23537625?dopt=Abstractplus

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